Critical Reflection

Module learning

It has been an exciting and memorable journey for me. Over the span of 13 weeks, this module had allowed me to be exposed to a wide range of opportunities to hone my skills in communication. I still remember the times when I had to complete the first few assignments of this module. Struggling with being able to express myself fully and grammars have been quite discouraging. Through completing the various kinds of assignments that targets many aspects of communication, I am certain that the skills that I had obtained will be helpful in the future. My goal for this module is to be able to sharpen my public speaking skills as well as being able to express myself more holistically. This module has given me the platform to be able to express my thoughts fully by being clear and concise in my professional writing. The various opportunities to present, read aloud and share in the class had helped me to build my confidence in public speaking and to articulate well in my speech.

Project learning

It was a privilege to be able to work with people from different backgrounds and strengths. Through the process of working together in a team, it had taught me the importance of interpersonal skills when dealing with humans. It’s always easier to work with machines or animals because they don’t have much feelings. But to work as a team it requires a commitment to one another and that includes complementing one another’s weaknesses. Working together on this project helped me to value teamwork and bearing each other’s load. The process of writing the technical report has helped me to present my idea clearly and in a concise manner. I was amazed at how I was able to digest a research article and was able to come out with a summary based on the article entirely on my own. I am also grateful to have peer feedback from one another as it has helped me, especially in my writing. Being unashamed in allowing others to comment on my work gives me opportunities to learn from them. My takeaways from the project are to be humble to learn from others and to be able to pitch my ideas more holistically.

Presentation Showcase

I was really impressed by team Bricknology that presented the proposal on mycelium bricks which they are confident that it can replace the conventional bricks in Singapore’s build industry. I really like how the team was able to have the composure and control of the entire presentation when standing before a large crowd of audience. The idea that the team shared was clear and concise, they shared with deep conviction which I find it unique compared to other teams. The team stood at a good position which allows them to have a good view of their slides as well as being able to give eye contact to the audience. They also shared with us a video that gives me a clearer understanding of the mycelium bricks. Even though I don’t know much of the building industry, listening to their proposal, has helped me to gain more insights about it. I was really impressed that there is a way to replace the conventional bricks which will be beneficial to preserve our environment for our future generation. I think that the team should share and consider how their solution can be sustainable in the long run. I strongly believe that in any engineering solution, sustainability is the crucial aspect to look into to evaluate if the proposal is a good engineering solution. 

Annotated Summary

Ecofys. (2018, September 03). Incentives for electric vehicles in Norway. Retrieved 07 November 2019, from https://www.euki.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fact-sheet-incentives-for-electric-vehicles-no.pdf

In the report ‘Incentives for Electric Vehicles in Norway‘, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2018) focused on different ways to incentivize motorists who choose to use electric vehicles. To encourage motorists in Norway to use electric vehicles(EVs) instead of the internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), the government had provided different incentives for the motorist who choose to purchase EVs in Norway. The report mentioned the various incentives that the Norway government had introduced. Reduction of annual road tax, free municipal parking, having access to bus lanes, no toll charges, value-added tax exemption are some of the incentives that Norway has. According to the report, the survey had shown that the majority of the motorists were attracted to financial incentives as compared to other forms of incentives. It mentioned that the implementation of these incentives was a success as the sales of EVs have been rising ever since it was implemented. Because of the increased amount of EVs on the road, the carbon emission has been reduced significantly. The report concluded by stating that these policies had caused EVs to be considerably cheaper than conventional cars, both at the point of purchase and during operation. Due to the large amount of ICEVs in Singapore, Singapore should also adopt a similar approach as it has been proven to be effective in Norway. According to the report, providing a significant amount of incentives through financial means will undoubtedly promote the use of EVs in Singapore. The use of EVs will also reduce its overall carbon emission. In conclusion, increasing the incentives provided for EVs owners in Singapore will encourage motorists to purchase EVs instead of conventional cars.

Draft#3 Technical Report

Introduction

1.1 Background
According to the report ‘Incentives for Electric Vehicles in Norway‘, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2018) had introduced different ways to incentivize motorists who choose to use electric vehicles. Some of the incentives that the government has implemented were an exemption from registration tax, low annual tax, free municipal parking, having access to bus lanes, and many more. In Norway, the most important incentives would be financial incentive. The total cost of ownership of Plug-In Electric Vehicles(PEVs) is much lower as compared to Internal Combustion Engine(ICEs).

Based on the report, a study led by Haugneland, Lorentzen, Bu, & Hauge (2017) has shown that the main reason consumers will consider purchasing EVs is to save money with the different incentives provided by the government. Other studies based on surveys conducted for consumers had shown that operational cost and upfront investment are some of the vital considerations that consumers will look into before purchasing EVs. In Norway, the price of fossil fuels is relatively higher as compared to electricity. The transportation sector in Norway was heavily taxed, registration taxes on new vehicles, annual taxes, taxes on fuels and numerous toll roads were included. This allows the government to provide more incentives for consumers so that it may influence consumer’s decisions to purchase different types of vehicles.

Land Transport Authority (LTA), released a yearly vehicle statistic in 2018 regarding the motor vehicle population in Singapore along with the types of fuel used by the vehicles as shown in Figure 1. The statistics showed clearly that over the past 10 years, there is only a slight increase in the electric vehicles(EVs) population while petroleum, diesel and petrol-electric operated cars increased largely.

With the growing amount of fuel consuming vehicles, the consumption of oil in Singapore has also increased greatly over the past 10 years. According to Census and Economic Information Center(CEIC) data, it was reported that Singapore’s Oil consumption was 1,448.792 Barrel/Day in December 2018 which is 2.1 percent more than that in Dec 2017 as shown in Figure 2.

Singapore’s Oil Consumption data was updated annually, with an average of 457.718 Barrel/Day from Dec 1965 to 2018. This means that a vehicle are consuming at least 166,805 Barrel/Year. However, vehicles in Singapore consumed 528,520 Barrel/Year in 2018 which exceeds the average oil consumption from 1965 to 2018. This shows that oil consumption in Singapore is increasing at a tremendous pace.

LTA has updated its latest road tax formula where it is used to calculate the car’s engine displacement or power. For petroleum vehicles with engine capacity of 998cc, the road tax cost about $391 yearly while the road tax for electric vehicles with 120 horsepower is about 89kW cost about $1099 yearly. (CarBuyer, 2019) This means that owning an electric vehicle will need to pay more tax as compared to petroleum vehicles.

Regarding the low usage of EVs, the main stakeholders would be the ministry of transport (MOT) as well as businesses related to the automobile industry. MOT is responsible for constructing and implementing policies that will greatly affect the actions taken to promote the use of electric vehicles. These policies can aid in promoting the adoption of new technologies for electric vehicles. The ministry of transport can provide more incentives for consumers who purchase EVs. Businesses that have a stake in this include local automobile businesses such as motor vehicle manufacturers. These businesses are responsible for advocating the use of electric vehicles to ensure that they have a sustainable business in the long run. The low usage of EVs also accounts for high carbon emissions from petroleum vehicles as providing more incentives will encourage motorists to adopt the use of EVs.

1.2 Problem Statement

The use of electric vehicles in Singapore should be incremental for the next ten years and this could potentially reduce carbon emissions and increase energy efficiency in Singapore. (IDEAL) However, there are not many EVs in Singapore due to insufficient financial incentive provided for motorists who purchase and own EVs. (GAP) As such, the provision of different incentives should be implemented by the financial minister of Singapore to encourage more motorists to use EVs (GOAL).

1.3 Purpose Statement
This proposal aims to propose to Mr Heng Sweat Keat, finance minister of Singapore to provide different kinds of incentives for motorists purchase and own the EVs.

This proposal aims to propose to Mr Khaw Boon Wan , transport minister of Singapore to allocate the different types of incentives to motorists who purchase and own the EVs.

Proposed Solutions

The team referenced the electric vehicle’s benchmark in Norway and we came up with three solutions to increase the number of EVs in Singapore.


2.1 Increase the amount of monetary incentives for motorists who purchase EVs
According to LTA with effect from 1 January 2018 Singapore had revamped its carbon emission-based vehicle scheme (CEVS) to the broad-based vehicular emissions scheme (VES), considering the amount of emissions produced by a vehicle.Currently, under the VES, the maximum incentives that the government is providing is $20,000. In comparison to the cost of an electric vehicle in Singapore, the current rebate that the government is insufficient. To encourage motorists to purchase EVs, the government should consider increasing the amount of monetary incentives for EVs owners.

2.2 Waiver of parking fees for own residential estate

In Norway, waiver of public parking fees were implemented in the past and it has a negative implication on the economic economy (Aasness, Odeck, 2015).

The team noticed that Norway allowed waiver to multiple parking area , which might encourage motorists to take advantage of this waiver system. Currently, Singapore charges seasonal parking fee to motorist in order to park their vehicles in their own residential estate. Thus, the team propose that motorists that own an EVs should have a waiver on their own residential estate. This can prevent motorists from taking advantage of the waiver of parking fees given to them. 

2.3 Provide road tax subsidies for consumers who purchase EVs

Other than electric vehicles, the remaining vehicles are required to pay a sum of money each day as part of the motor insurance tax in Norway (Norweigian Motor Insurers’ Bureau, 2018). However, the team are aware that Norway did not impose the motor insurance tax for EVs as they want to encourage more motorists to use EVs. In Singapore, they impose road taxes for all vehicles to encourage motorists to use vehicles that are fuel-efficient and produce less emissions. The team propose that the government should provide road tax subsidies rather than waiving off the road tax fully so that motorists can switch to using EVs. 

2.4 Prioritize solution

The team has come up with three solutions and the team’s recommended prioritize solution is to increase the amount of monetary incentives for motorists who purchase and own EVs. Most motorists will take into consideration the financial factor when purchasing new cars. Therefore, the amount of incentive given would influence the consumer’s decision in purchasing EVs. To conclude, the team have decided to choose the first solution to be implemented in Singapore.

Benefits

The team’s proposed solutions can lead to an increase in EVs in Singapore, having more motorists switching to EVs can reduce carbon emissions and increase energy efficiency. 

3.1 Reduce in carbon emissions

According to ‘Transport Policy’ (Noela,Rubensa,Kestera,Sovacoola, 2018) of the 227 interviews that was carried out ,167 shared that one of the more prominent benefits of using EVs is environmental benefit. The response of the 167 respondents is equivalent to 73% of the interviews. Out of those who mentioned emission, 99 interviews clearly mentioned about the benefits of reduction of carbon emissions by using Electric Vehicles (EVs) as compared to Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). While 94 interviews also mentioned regarding the impact that EVs can have on decreasing local health emissions such as NOx. The table below has shown the data of the interview that reflects what the respondents think is the co-benefits of an electric vehicle. With the use of EVs, there will be fewer ICEVs on the road and therefore the emission of harmful gases to the environment will be reduced. The emission of carbon dioxide is commonly used to assess the impact the vehicle have caused to the environment. Charging of EVs reduced carbon dioxide emission by roughly 10% as compared to the base case of gasoline vehicles.In general, it is clear that EVs reduce the total carbon emission even in electricity systems. This is because of the high efficiency of electric motor as compared to the internal combustion engine.










The global EVs fleet consumed approximately 58 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2018 as compared to the total electricity demand of Switzerland in 2017 (IEA, 2019). Of all the vehicles, two-wheelers accounts the largest percentage of EV energy demand whereas light-duty vehicles shows a stronger growth as compared to other transport modes in 2017 and 2018. China has accounted for 80% of the world's electricity demand for EVs in 2018. The global EV market in 2018 has emitted about 38 million tonnes of carbon-dioxide as compared to internal combustion engine fleet which emitted 78 million tonnes. This means that EBs can save approximately 40 million tonnes of carbon -- dioxide and reduces the carbon emissions caused to the environment.


3.2 Increase in energy efficiency

Typically, the energy density of an internal combustion engine is affected by the fuel tank size and is separated from the energy conversion device, which will decrease the balances between the compromising acceleration for cruising efficiency. The distinctly high energy density of the tank of liquid fuel reduces the utilization of an inefficient energy conversion device.

While a BEV is competent of providing maximum power and average power at outstanding efficiency but has a fairly low energy density. BEVs attain approximately 3–6 mile kWh1 (INL, 2006) rely on the vehicle design and driver behaviour.

This means that BEV provide a more balances compromising acceleration for cruising efficiency as the energy density is low throughout.

Proposal Evaluation

In this section, the team’s drawbacks of proposed solutions will be evaluated and discussed.

4.1 Challenges

One of the potential challenges posed to the proposed solutions would be the economic loss in Singapore. For example, waiver of parking fees means that parking spaces would be occupied at zero cost. Thus, this would lead to economic loss and adversely affect the economy sector in Singapore. The purpose of having road tax in Singapore is to encourage motorists to use vehicles that are fuel-efficient and produce less emissions.. But providing road tax subsidies would also lead to economic loss in Singapore. As Evs would be using the road just like any other vehicles, but EVs users would only be paying a lesser amount of road tax as compared to other motorists who have to pay the full amount.

4.2 Limitations
One of the limitations of the proposed solutions would the reduction of budget given to transport sector. According to the report by the head of expenditure (2019), it shows that Singapore has reduced the budget allocated to the transport sector in its yearly budget. In the year 2018, the government had allocated 14.9% of its overall budget for the transport sector in terms of its operation and development cost. The report also shows that in 2019, there has been a slight drop in the budget allocation to the transport sector. The government had allocated 13.3% of the entire budget to the transport sector. The report shows that there has been a drop of 1.6% as compared to last year. Therefore it is probable that the transport sector may not have sufficient funding for the incentives for EVs having in mind the upcoming development that the government wants to carry out.

Methods and Procedure
In this section, the team’s primary research and secondary research will be analyzed and evaluated. 

5.1 Primary Research

In an attempt to explore the need for providing different types of incentives for consumers who purchase EVs and to identify the limitation that was limiting the amount of monetary incentive given to consumers purchasing EVs, a quantitative survey research was conducted. In the survey (refer to Appendix A), respondents were asked about what were their main concerns when purchasing EVs and the key factors that prevent them from buying EVs.

5.2 Secondary Research
To further supplement the findings obtained through primary research, secondary research was conducted. Research articles related to government websites, scholarly articles and other relevant information.

Conclusion
The problem on EVs not widely used in Singapore has serious environmental implications as majority of the motorists are using diesel/petroleum vehicles.The ICEVs can produce a large amount of carbon emissions which will be detrimental not only to the environment but also the health of its citizens. It may lead to serious health and environmental issues in the long run.

Other than using the proposed solution, Singapore could research on alternative ways to encourage Singaporeans to prioritise EVs over diesel/petroleum vehicles.

Since the transport minister has an important role to play in the incremental use of electric vehicles in the next 10 years, the allocation of different types of incentives for consumers who purchase and own EV would be a good initiative to encourage more motorists to switch from their petroleum/diesel vehicles. With greater use of electric vehicles in the long run, the carbon emissions caused to the environment can be greatly reduced.



References

Aasness, M., & Odeck, J. (2015). The increase of electric vehicle usage in Norway—incentives and adverse effects. European Transport Research Review, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-015-0182-4

Census and Economic Information Center. (2018). Singapore oil consumption. Retrieved from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/singapore/oil-consumption


Ecofys. (2018, September 03). Incentives for electric vehicles in Norway. Retrieved 25 October 2019, from https://www.euki.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fact-sheet-incentives-for-electric-vehicles-no.pdf


Financial Security. (2019). Total estimates outlays for FY2019 by head of expenditure

https://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/docs/default-source/budget_2019/download/pdf/05-Government-Expenditure-2019.pdf

International Energy Agency (2019), Global EV Outlook 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019, from www.iea.org/publications/reports/globalevoutlook2019/.

Land Transport Authority. (2019). Annual Vehicle Statistics 2018. Singapore: Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 25 October 2019, from

https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/FactsandFigures/MVP01-4_MVP_by_fuel.pdf

Land Transport Authority. (2019, Jan 31). Vehicle tax structure. Retrieved 25 October 2019, from https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/roads-and-motoring/owning-a-vehicle/costs-of-owning-a-vehicle/tax-structure-for-cars.html

Orlov, A., & Kallbekken, S. (2019). The impact of consumer attitudes towards energy efficiency on car choice: Survey results from Norway. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 214, 816-822.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.326

Wong, D. (2019, October). A dummies guide to owning an electric vehicle in Singapore. Carbuyer. Retrieved from https://www.carbuyer.com.sg/a-dummies-guide-to-owning-an-electric-vehicle-in-singapore/



Appendix A - Survey of perception on electric vehicles

















Based on the results shown, 68.3% of the respondents indicated that insufficient incentive given when purchasing EVs is the main factor that is stopping them from buying EVs. This result supports the team’s observation that there should be more incentives provided for consumers who purchase EVs or consider switching their petroleum/diesel vehicles to EVs.









Results show that 65% of the respondents chose “incentive” as the factor that attracts them the most when purchasing EVs. 20% of the respondents chose “low maintenance cost”, 10 % of the respondents chose “positive environment effect” and 5 % chose “road tax subsidies”. This shows that incentives would be the main factor that attracts consumers to purchase or switch to EVs.






Based on the results collected from the survey,it is clear that motorists in Singapore are currently not ready to buy electric vehicles. 33.3% of the respondents want to buy an electric vehicle in the next 5 years. Out of the 60 respondents 8.3% of them do not wish to buy an electric vehicle. While 48.3 % of the respondents would want to buy an electric vehicle in the next 10 years.This shows that electric vehicle is currently not very popular in SIngapore as the latest policies and schemes that are in place may not be what the citizens are looking for.






Figure 1: Motor Vehicle Statistics 2018






Figure 2: Singapore's oil consumption from 2017 to 2018

Draft#2 Technical Report

Introduction

1.1 Background

Land Transport Authority (LTA), released a yearly vehicle statistic in 2018 regarding the motor vehicle population in Singapore along with the types of fuel used by the vehicles as shown in Figure 1. The statistics showed clearly that over the past 10 years, there is only a slight increase in the electric vehicles(EVs) population while petroleum, diesel and petrol-electric operated cars increased largely.
With the growing amount of fuel consuming vehicles, the consumption of oil in Singapore has also increased greatly over the past 10 years. According to Census and Economic Information Center(CEIC) data, it was reported that Singapore’s Oil consumption was 1,448.792 Barrel/Day in December 2018 which is 2.1 percent more than that in Dec 2017 as shown in Figure 2.
Singapore’s Oil Consumption data was updated annually, with an average of 457.718 Barrel/Day from Dec 1965 to 2018. This means that a vehicle is consuming at least 166,805 Barrels/Year. However, vehicles in Singapore consumed 528,520 Barrel/Year in 2018 which exceeds the average oil consumption from 1965 to 2018. This shows that oil consumption in Singapore is increasing at a tremendous pace.
LTA has updated its latest road tax formula where it is used to calculate the car’s engine displacement or power. For petroleum vehicles with an engine capacity of 998cc, the road tax cost about $391 yearly while the road tax for electric vehicles with 120 horsepower is about 89kW costs about $1099 yearly. (CarBuyer, 2019) This means that owning an electric vehicle will need to pay more tax as compared to petroleum vehicles.
Regarding the issue of insufficient publicity on EVs, the main stakeholders would be LTA as well as businesses related to the automobile industry. LTA is responsible for constructing and implementing policies that will greatly affect the actions taken to promote the use of electric vehicles. These policies can aid in promoting the adoption of new technologies for electric vehicles. The government can introduce campaigns to raise awareness to the public on the use of EVs in the long run. Businesses that have a stake in this issue include local automobile businesses such as motor vehicle manufacturers and petrol stations. These businesses are responsible for advocating the use of electric vehicles to ensure that they have a sustainable business in the long run. Insufficient publicity on EVs also accounts for high carbon emissions from petroleum vehicles as there is a lack of awareness to educate the public to adopt the use of EVs.
According to the report ‘Incentives for Electric Vehicles in Norway‘, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2018) had introduced different ways to incentivize motorists who choose to use electric vehicles. Some of the incentives that the government has implemented were an exemption from registration tax, low annual tax, free municipal parking, having access to bus lanes, and many more. In Norway, the most important incentives would be financial incentive. The total cost of ownership of Plug-In Electric Vehicles(PEVs) is much lower as compared to Internal Combustion Engine(ICEs).
Based on the report, a study led by Haugneland, Lorentzen, Bu, & Hauge (2017) has shown that the main reason consumers will consider purchasing EVs is to save money with the different incentives provided by the government. Other studies based on surveys conducted for consumers had shown that operational cost and upfront investment are some of the vital considerations that consumers will look into before purchasing EVs. In Norway, the price of fossil fuels is relatively higher as compared to electricity. The transportation sector in Norway was heavily taxed, registration taxes on new vehicles, annual taxes, taxes on fuels and numerous toll roads were included. This allows the government to provide more incentives for consumers so that it can influence consumer’s decisions to purchase different types of vehicles.

1.2 Problem Statement
Singapore should use electric vehicles instead of petrol vehicles. [IDEAL] However, there is insufficient publicity on EVs to the public by the Land Transport Authority (LTA). [GAP]
Motorists in Singapore are not using EVs due to insufficient publicity on electric vehicles and incentives provided by the government are inadequate. Implementing policies to educate the public about EVs and providing more incentives to promote the use of EVs that can be considered as a sustainable mode of transport for motorists.


1.3 Purpose Statement
This proposal aims to propose to Land Transport Authority to install charging ports in the car park to reduce the use of fuel and reduce carbon emission caused to the environment.
This proposal aims to propose to Mr Heng Sweat Keat, the finance minister of Singapore to promote the use of EVs in Singapore by providing more incentives for motorists who use EVs.


Proposed Solutions
The team referenced the electric vehicle’s benchmark in Norway and we came up with three solutions to increase the number of EVs in Singapore.


2.1 Increase the amount of incentives given to consumers that purchase EVs
The incentives that the government provides for consumers are insufficient therefore there is a need to increase the incentive amount for consumers who purchase EVs. According to the report Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2018), Plug-In Electric Vehicles(PEVs) is much lower as compared to Internal Combustion Engine(ICEs). Car owners usually will take into consideration the total cost of ownership before purchasing a new car. Therefore, incentives from the government will definitely encourage consumers to purchase EVs. Currently, Norway is the leader of EVs in the market and the main reason that the Norwegians are purchasing EVs is to save money. To reduce the total cost of ownership for its citizens, the Norweigian government provided a series of incentives for consumers who are using EVs. Some of the incentives that the Norwegian government offers are reducing company car tax, having access to bus lanes, Value-added tax (VAT) tax exemption and many more. VAT and road tolls had been successful in encouraging consumers in Norway to purchase EVs.

The team proposes that the government should impose 40 percent of incentives for consumers that purchase EVs.


2.2 Increase the availability of charging port for EVs

According to the news article, most of the motorists are hesitant to purchase EVs due to the lack of charging port in Singapore (Choo,2018). Due to the lack of charging ports, the motorist has to buy their own charging port in their private estate or they would have to travel to places that have charge port to charge their vehicles. This means that the motorist will have to fork out more money to purchase a charging port. On the other hand, traveling to places that have charging port will also lead to the same problem, if the nearest charging port to the driver requires him/her to travel for 1 hour, this means that while travelling the motorist already uses up a huge part of the electric power in the vehicle. This also means that the driver has to spend more time on charging and traveling, which is totally unnecessary. Thus, by implementing more charging ports at the housing estate in Singapore, will reduce the unnecessary problem caused by a lack of charging ports. which will lead to a decrease in the reasons for not buying EVs and increase the amount of EVs in Singapore.


The team proposes that the charging area should consist of 5 charging stations which can charge up to 10 cars at the same time. Every housing estate should have at least 1 charging area within 5 km.

2.3 Impose a higher tax on petroleum/diesel vehicles.

Tax on petroleum/diesel vehicles are currently much lesser as compared to EVs. The road tax for petroleum/diesel vehicles of 998cc is $391 yearly while the road tax for electric vehicles with 120 horsepower is about 89kW cost about $1099 yearly (Carbuyer, 2019). This shows that if the road tax for electric vehicles is higher, motorists would consider purchasing petroleum/diesel vehicles instead. Therefore, there is a need to increase the tax on petroleum/diesel vehicles to encourage motorists to switch to EVs.

2.4 Prioritize solution

The team has come up with three solutions and the team’s recommended prioritize solution is to increase the incentive amount for the motorist who purchases EVs. Most motorists will take into consideration the financial factor when purchasing new cars. Therefore, the amount of incentive given would influence the consumer’s decision in purchasing EVs. To conclude, the team has decided to choose the first solution to be implemented in Singapore.


3. Benefits
The team’s proposed solutions can lead to an increase in EVs in Singapore, having more motorists switching to EVs can reduce carbon emissions and increase energy efficiency.


3.1 Reduce in carbon emissions

According to ‘Transport Policy’ (Noela,Rubensa,Kestera,Sovacoola, 2018) of the 227 interviews that were carried out, 167 shared that one of the more prominent benefits of using EVs is an environmental benefit. The response of the 167 respondents is equivalent to 73% of the interviews. Out of those who mentioned emission, 99 interviews clearly mentioned about the benefits of reduction of carbon emissions by using Electric Vehicles (EVs) as compared to Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). While 94 interviews also mentioned the impact that EVs can have on decreasing local health emissions such as NOx. The table below has shown the data of the interview that reflects what the respondents think is the co-benefits of an electric vehicle. With the use of EVs, there will be fewer ICEVs on the road and therefore the emission of harmful gases to the environment will be reduced. The emission of carbon dioxide is commonly used to assess the impact the vehicle has caused to the environment. Charging of EVs reduced carbon dioxide emission by roughly 10% as compared to the base case of gasoline vehicles. In general, it is clear that EVs reduce the total carbon emission even in electricity systems. This is because of the high efficiency of the electric motor as compared to the internal combustion engine.









The global EVs fleet consumed approximately 58 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity in 2018 as compared to the total electricity demand of Switzerland in 2017 (IEA, 2019). Of all the vehicles, two-wheelers account for the largest percentage of EV energy demand whereas light-duty vehicles show a stronger growth as compared to other transport modes in 2017 and 2018. China has accounted for 80% of the world's electricity demand for EVs in 2018. The global EV market in 2018 has emitted about 38 million tonnes of carbon dioxide as compared to the internal combustion engine fleet which emitted 78 million tonnes. This means that EBs can save approximately 40 million tonnes of carbon -- dioxide and reduces the carbon emissions caused to the environment.


3.1 Increase in energy efficiency
Typically, the energy density of an internal combustion engine is affected by the fuel tank size and is separated from the energy conversion device, which will decrease the balances between the compromising acceleration for cruising efficiency. The distinctly high energy density of the tank of liquid fuel reduces the utilization of an inefficient energy conversion device.
While a BEV is competent in providing maximum power and average power at outstanding efficiency but has a fairly low energy density. BEVs attain approximately 3–6 mile kWh1 (INL, 2006) rely on vehicle design and driver behavior.
This means that BEV provides a more balance compromising acceleration for cruising efficiency as the energy density is low throughout.




4. The drawback of proposed solutions

4.1 High cost of batteries installed in EVs

A class V3 EV with 24 KWh of battery size could only please approximately 80% of the car Z25’s needs. This also means that in order for an EV to travel at long distances, it would require an installation of multiple batteries which is not feasible due to the rise in cost and weight. This would extend the charging time of the vehicle. Currently, Z25 is irreplaceable with an EV in the absence of fast-charging or battery swapping.

4.2 Long charging time of EVs

Currently, the process of refueling an Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) is much quicker and accessible as compared to ICEV. The process of charging an EV is less accessible due to the location of the charging station and the time required to charge an EV fully. In contrast to petroleum vehicles that only take minutes to refuel, EVs take a longer charging time with the latest battery technology. According to (NCCS), the fast-charging battery can reach 80% within 20 to 30 minutes depending on the battery capacity and the speed of the charging station while most EVs engine requires at least 4 to 7 hours to reach a full charge.
To mitigate the long charging time of EVs, EVs users can consider planning their road journey carefully as running out of electricity could not be solved by a quick visit to the petrol station. This allows motorists to travel efficiently without having to worry that their vehicles will stop operating in the middle of their road journey. The full battery life of an EV last three days for motorists who travel less than 100 kilometers. For instance, the road distance for motorists traveling from Pasir Ris to Jurong East is 32 kilometers. This shows that the full battery life will only affect motorists who are traveling long distances.

#Draft 1 Technical Report

Introduction

1.1 Background


Land Transport Authority (LTA), released a yearly vehicle statistic in 2018 regarding the motor vehicle population in Singapore along with the types of fuel used by the vehicles as shown in Figure 1. The statistics showed clearly that over the past 10 years, there is only a slight increase in the electric vehicles(EVs) population while petroleum, diesel and petrol-electric operated cars increased largely. With the growing amount of fuel consuming vehicles, the consumption of oil in Singapore has also increased greatly over the past 10 years. According to Census and Economic Information Center(CEIC) data, it was reported that Singapore’s Oil consumption was 1,448.792 Barrel/Day in December 2018 which is 2.1 percent more than that in Dec 2017 as shown in Figure 2. Singapore’s Oil Consumption data was updated annually, with an average of 457.718 Barrel/Day from Dec 1965 to 2018. This means that a vehicle is consuming at least 166,805 Barrel/Year. However, vehicles in Singapore consumed 528,520 Barrel/Year in 2018 which exceeds the average oil consumption from 1965 to 2018. This shows that oil consumption in Singapore is increasing at a tremendous pace. LTA has updated its latest road tax formula where it is used to calculate the car’s engine displacement or power. For petroleum vehicles with an engine capacity of 998cc, the road tax cost about $391 yearly while the road tax for electric vehicles with 120 horsepower is about 89kW costs about $1099 yearly. (CarBuyer, 2019) This means that owning an electric vehicle will need to pay more tax as compared to petroleum vehicles. Regarding the issue of insufficient publicity on EVs, the main stakeholders would be LTA as well as businesses related to the automobile industry. LTA is responsible for constructing and implementing policies that will greatly affect the actions taken to promote the use of electric vehicles. These policies can aid in promoting the adoption of new technologies for electric vehicles. The government can introduce campaigns to raise awareness to the public on the use of EVs in the long run. Businesses that have a stake in this issue include local automobile businesses such as motor vehicle manufacturers and petrol stations. These businesses are responsible for advocating the use of electric vehicles to ensure that they have a sustainable business in the long run. Insufficient publicity on EVs also accounts for high carbon emissions from petroleum vehicles as there is a lack of awareness to educate the public to adopt the use of EVs. According to the report ‘Incentives for Electric Vehicles in Norway‘, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (2018) had introduced different ways to incentivize motorists who choose to use electric vehicles. Some of the incentives that the government has implemented were an exemption from registration tax, low annual tax, free municipal parking, having access to bus lanes, and many more. In Norway, the most important incentives would be a financial incentives. The total cost of ownership of Plug-In Electric Vehicles(PEVs) is much lower as compared to the Internal Combustion Engine(ICEs). Based on the report, a study led by Haugneland, Lorentzen, Bu, & Hauge (2017) has shown that the main reason consumers will consider purchasing EVs is to save money with the different incentives provided by the government. Other studies based on surveys conducted for consumers had shown that operational cost and upfront investment are some of the vital considerations that consumers will look into before purchasing EVs. In Norway, the price of fossil fuels is relatively higher as compared to electricity. The transportation sector in Norway was heavily taxed, registration taxes on new vehicles, annual taxes, taxes on fuels and numerous toll roads were included. This allows the government to provide more incentives for consumers so that it can influence consumer’s decisions to purchase different types of vehicles.


1.2 Problem Statement
Motorists in Singapore are not using EVs due to insufficient publicity on electric vehicles and incentives provided by the government are inadequate. Implementing policies to educate the public about EVs and providing more incentives to promote the use of EVs that can be considered as a sustainable mode of transport for motorists.


1.3 Purpose Statement
This proposal aims to propose to Mr Heng Sweat Keat, finance minister of Singapore to promote the use of EVs in Singapore by providing more incentives for motorists who use EVs.

Draft#3 Summary_Reader Response (Tapping Tech for Smoother Traffic)

In the article "Tapping Tech for smoother traffic", Tay (2018) reported that Singapore is progressing towards its vision of a smart and car-lite nation by tapping on technology over the decades. Tay stated that Singapore faced many issues in its transport system being a land scare country. Having the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and the Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), was not enough to cope with its transport demands. He mentioned that the Land Transport Authority (LTA) has introduced the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), which has a large network of systems spanning over 164km of expressways and roads that uses technology to collect real-time traffic information. That will aid road users in planning for their journey. Based on statistics, Tay claimed that these implementations were able to reduce motorist's traveling time which translates into a reduction of cost. Tay concluded that Singapore would be tapping on technology to improve its transport system.

Technology is and will continue to be a vital component of Singapore's transport system. But government policies, LTA's transmission of information and the use of digital technology must be taken into consideration to build a holistic transport system.

Firstly, having robust government policies would be able to build a holistic transport system in Singapore. In the article "Singapore's Transport Policy: Understanding the Rationale", Ministry of Transport (2014) stated that they were working toward a "High Quality and Sustainable Land Transport System". Rail network would be expanding to 360km by 2030, making train stations easily accessible. MOT introduced the Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP) which provides a larger fleet of buses to improve crowding and relieve waiting time. Bus Service Reliability Framework, Bus Priority Scheme was also introduced to encourage citizens to take public transport. The article stated that the physical limitations of both the elderly and disabled were taken into consideration, more covered walkways and integrated transport hubs will be built. Cycling paths and bicycle racks were being built to promote cycling as another mode of transport. These government policies were being introduced to relieve road congestion.

Secondly, the transmission of information is necessary and vital. With technology, real-time information can be collected and transmitted instantaneously. In the article by Land Transport Authority (LTA), (2014), "Smart Mobility 2030" stressed that information is crucial in making smart travel decisions. Having location-aware mobile devices, application of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), robust video detection and surveillance systems as well as other means of sensor data collection will be able to obtain reliable information for the end-users. The ability to process a large amount of data and analytics is necessary. LTA mentioned that information delivery and data security are vital in this time and age as confidential information could be tampered with or leaked. Therefore, measures must be put in place in these aspects. With technology, real-time monitoring of the bus fleet can provide better service and management. Technology has allowed the motorist to receive warning alerts to ease road conditions and prevent accidents. Therefore, technology is crucial in processing and transmitting information.

Lastly, the use of digital technology is crucial in the transport system. In the article "Smart Cities-What's in it for Citizens" by Juniper Research (2017), Singapore was commended to be a world-leading city that was able to address its urban transportation challenges with technology. Singapore uses smart traffic solutions and strong government policies to reduce the number of cars on the road.  It was also mentioned that Singapore encourages its citizens to work towards digital innovation and allows the citizens to have access to digital services and information obtained by the government. ITS (Intelligent Traffic Systems) technology is being used to change the phasing of traffic lights to reduce red-light delay and improve overall traffic flow. The author mentioned that Singapore had resolved its challenges and can transmit information with the help of technology. The use of digital technology has become the foundation of Singapore's transport system in terms of obtaining real-time information for the end-users.

In conclusion, good government policies and a well-developed system must be established to have a robust transport system. Also, the use of digital technology is vital to obtain and transmit real-time information to end-users. Having access to real-time information obtained by the government will allow the motorist to plan for their journey thus improving the overall road condition.

References

Tay, Q. (2018). Tapping Tech for Smoother Traffic. Urban Solutions, (13).

Land Transport Authority (2014). Smart Mobility 2030. Singapore: Land Transport Authority and Intelligent Transport Society Singapore.

Ministry of Transport (2014). Singapore's Transport Policy: Understanding the Rationale. Singapore: Ministry of Transport.

Juniper Research (2017). Smart Cities-What's in it for Citizens. Retrieved from: https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/03/smart-cities-whats-in-it-for-citizens.pdf

Draft#2 Summary_Reader Response (Tapping Tech for Smoother Traffic)

In the article “Tapping Tech for smoother traffic”, Tay (2018) reported that Singapore is progressing towards its vision of a smart and car lite nation by tapping on technology over the decades. Tay stated that, Singapore faced many issues in its transport system being a land scare country. Having the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and the Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), was not enough to cope with its transport demands. Tay mentioned that, The Land Transport Authority (LTA) has introduced the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), which has a large network of systems that uses technology to collect real-time traffic information. That will aid road users in planning for their journey. Tay claimed that, based on statistics these implementations were able to reduce motorist’s travelling time which translates into reduction of cost. Tay concluded that Singapore will be tapping on technology to improve its transport system.

Technology is and will continue to be a vital component to Singapore’s transport system. But polices, transmission of information and the use of technology must be taken into consideration to build a holistic transport system.

Robust polices would be able to build a holistic transport system in Singapore. In the article “SINGAPORE’S TRANSPORT POLICY: UNDERSTANDING THE RATIONALE”, Ministry of Transport (2014) stated that they are working toward a “High Quality and Sustainable Land Transport System”. Rail network will be expanding to 360km by 2030, making train stations easily accessible. MOT introduced the Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP) which provides a larger fleet of buses to improve crowding and relive waiting time. Bus Service Reliability Framework, Bus Priority Scheme was also introduced to encourage citizens to take public transport. The article stated that, the physical limitations of both the elderly and disabled were taken into consideration, more covered walkways and integrated transport hubs will be built. Cycling path and bicycle racks were being built to promote cycling as another mode of transport. These schemes and polices were being introduced to relive road congestion.

With technology, real time information can be collected and transmitted instantaneously, being user-centric will aid end-users in travelling. In one of the articles by Land Transport Authority (LTA), (2014), “Smart Mobility 2030” it stressed that information is crucial in making smart travel decisions. Having location-aware mobile devices, application of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), robust video detection and surveillance systems as well as other means of sensor data collection will be able to obtain reliable information for the end-users. The ability to process large amount of data and analytics is necessary. LTA mentioned that information delivery and data security are vital in this time and age as confidential information could be tampered with or leaked. Therefore, measures must be put in placed in these aspects. With technology, real-time monitoring of the bus fleet can provide better service and management. Technology has allowed motorist to receive advance warning alerts to ease the road conditions and prevent accidents. Therefore, technology is crucial in transmitting and processing of information.

In the article of “ SMART CITIES- WHAT’S IN IT FOR CITIZENS” by the Juniper Research (2017), Singapore was commended to be world leading cities that was able to address its urban transportation challenges with technology and strong policies to reduce the number of cars on the road.  The author mentioned that Singapore had resolved its challenges and transmission of information with the help of technology. The use of technology has become the foundation of Singapore’s transport system.

To conclude, it is evident that good policies and well-developed system must be established to have a robust transport system. Information will be helpful for the commuters to plan for their journey.

References

Research, J. (2017). SMART CITIES- WHAT'S IN IT FOR CITIZENS? Juniper Research.

Singapore, L. T. (2014). Smart Mobility 2030. Singapore: Land Transport Authority.

Tay. (2018, July 13). Tapping Tech for Smoother Traffic. Retrieved from Singapore Intelligent Systems: https://www.clc.gov.sg/docs/default-source/urban-solutions/urb-sol-iss-13-pdfs/11_case_study-singapore-intelligent-transport-systems.pdf

Transport, M. o. (2014, April 10). SINGAPORE'S TRANSPORT POLICY: UNDERSTNDING THE RATIOALE. Retrieved from Executive Leadership Programme 2014: https://ntuc.org.sg/wps/wcm/connect/ea316f05-277a-479e-bb8b-c30c6230d209/ELP+-+Singapore+Transport+Policy+-+Understanding+the+Rationale.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ea316f05-277a-479e-bb8b-c30c6230d209